Liquid nitrogen paper presentation

Liquid Nitrogen is the cheapest, widely produced and most common cryogenic liquid.  It is mass produced in air liquefaction plants.  The liquefaction process is very simple in it normal, atmospheric air is passed through a dust precipitator and pre-cooled using conventional refrigeration techniques. It is then compressed inside large turbo pumps to about 100 atmospheres.  Once the air has reached 100 atmospheres and has been cooled to room temperature it is allowed to expand rapidly through a nozzle into an insulted chamber.  By running several cycles the temperate of the chamber reaches low enough temperatures the air entering it starts to liquefy.  Liquid nitrogen is removed form the chamber by fractional distillation and is stored inside well-insulated Dewar flasks.

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Cryogenic process

METALLURGICAL CHANGES IN STEELS DUE TO CRYOGENIC PROCESSING & ITS APPLICATIONS

Abstract:
Cryogenic processing is a supplementary process to conventional heat treatment process in steels. It is an inexpensive one time permanent treatment affecting the entire section of the component unlike coatings. Though the benefits have been reported widely, there are issues debated upon, in respect of the treatment parameters, extent of benefits experienced in different materials, underlying mechanism and pretreatment conditions. A study on the improvement in wear resistance and the significance of treatment parameters in different materials has been made. It is found that cryogenic treatment imparts nearly 110% improvement in tool life. It is even superior to tin coatings. The underlying mechanism is essentially an isothermal process.

Paper presentations, Electronic device errors

Single Event Errors

ABSTRACT
Satellites and other space equipment are constantly prone to dangers posed by solar radiation and cosmic rays. The effect of cosmic rays on semiconductor materials results in errors which sometimes lead to devastating consequences. These errors, classified into soft and hard errors are to be kept in mind while designing the electronic equipment that is to be used in space and for other precise equipment. Single event errors are such anomalies in computing systems caused by the cosmic rays emanating primarily from the sun. Single event upsets were first detected by technicians manning electronic equipment after a nuclear test. Eliminating these errors involves testing the vulnerability of the equipment in the presence of different kinds of radiation in different kinds of materials and in different conditions.

The method of preventing these errors is two fold - one called ‘hardening’ and the other, ‘logical’. Technologies like heavy ion testing are being used to predict the behavior of electronic materials when exposed to ionizing radiations. The data obtained from these tests is used to determine the best materials to shield the electronic circuits from the radiations in the case of ‘hardening’. In the case of logical techniques, usage of parity bits and other redundancy checks to counter the effects of the radiation is followed.

This paper is an effort by the authors to introduce the topic of single event errors and discuss the possible ways of avoiding and/or correcting them.